BurmaNet News, October 20, 2004

[Editor]

October 20, 2004, Issue # 2583


INSIDE BURMA
AFP: Myanmar's hardliners extend control after shock PM sacking
Irrawaddy: Ethnic groups uneasy over military purge
Irrawaddy: Introducing Burma’s new prime minister Lt-Gen Soe Win
AFP: Khin Nyunt's downfall spells new woes for Aung San Suu Kyi

ON THE BORDER
OAPNA: Mae Hong Son rushes to tighten up border control
Reuters: Myanmar rebel group says ouster stalls peace talks

BUSINESS
Thai News Service: Thailand urged to lend Myanmar 500 million baht for
road building

REGIONAL
Dow Jones: Thai govt, businesses see no impact from Myanmar shake-up

INTERNATIONAL
AP: Allies, critics, urge new Myanmar leader to move toward democracy
AP: UN Envoy says replacement of Myanmar PM "unfortunate"
AP: 10 best and worst in global corruption survey

______________________________________
INSIDE BURMA

October 20, Agence France Presse
Myanmar's hardliners extend control after shock PM sacking

Yangon: Hardliners in Myanmar's military junta consolidated control of the
country Wednesday after ousting the prime minister, amid gloomy prospects
for the release of detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

Pro-democracy activists expressed dismay at the replacement for premier
General Khin Nyunt, who was sacked Tuesday and put under house arrest for
alleged corruption following a power struggle in the top ranks of the
junta.

Myanmar state media said Tuesday Khin Nyunt had retired for "health
reasons" -- despite being the only one of the junta's top three leaders
without health problems -- to be replaced by Lieutenant General Soe Win,
who has publicly stated his opposition to talks with Aung San Suu Kyi's
party.

Soe Win was viewed by pro-democracy activists as an organiser behind a
violent clash between her supporters and a pro-junta mob in May last year
that heralded the Nobel peace laureate's latest period of house arrest.

As the US expressed concerns that marginal hopes for reforms had dwindled,
representatives of ethnic groups vital to the stuttering democratic
process were gathering in Yangon after being summoned by the military,
according to sources in Myanmar.

The deposed premier was seen as responsible for persuading nearly 20
ethnic groups opposed to the regime to sign up to ceasefire agreements.

Their cooperation is seen as vital to any success for the junta's
seven-point democracy roadmap with its eventual goal of national elections
-- although western observers have dismissed the plan as a sham.

Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party reacted
cautiously to the appointment of Soe Win, an ally of the hardline head of
the junta Than Shwe.

"We must wait and see. It does not depend so much on Soe Win but on the
number one (Than Shwe)," party spokesman U Lwin told AFP.

But Zin Linn, spokesman for the National Coalition Government of the Union
of Burma, a group of elected Myanmar parliamentarians in exile, said the
rise of Soe Win was a blow to the opposition.

He said he was the "main culprit" behind the attack on the Aung San Suu
Kyi motorcade at Depayin in May 2003. "Even Khin Nyunt was shocked by what
he did at Depayin and the two have been in conflict ever since," he said.

Indonesia and Malaysia expressed concerns over the future democratic
process in Myanmar and the US said the leadership changes were a blow to
marginal hopes the leadership might begin talks again with Aung San Suu
Kyi.

The capital Yangon remained calm on Wednesday with the military keeping a
low-profile after the upheavals among the country's leadership.

Because of looting fears, jewellery shops and cinemas were closed during
the swirl of speculation before the job switch was confirmed late Tuesday.

Barbed wire was laid out in front of the roads to the homes of senior
military leaders in the capital but security overall remained low-key,
according to witnesses.

Fifteen military trucks were spotted outside a 25-storey building still
under construction in Yangon near the US embassy and city hall. A large
number of soldiers were inside the building keeping a watching brief,
according to witnesses.

Groups of people gathered Wednesday to find state-run newspapers carrying
the official announcement with vendors selling out within hours, despite
some trebling the price to cash in on the interest.

Others huddled around shortwave radios to try to glean news from abroad,
according to an AFP correspondent.

The price of gold in shops was reported up on Tuesday as people sought to
convert their cash into safer forms of wealth during the political
uncertainty.

However, the correspondent reported the situation more stable Wednesday
with shops that had been closed reopening.

"We are a little bit concerned that in the future it will be more
difficult for our businesses until things become clearer," a businessman
in Yangon told AFP. "We will just have to wait and see."

The military has controlled Myanmar since a coup in 1962. The NLD won
national elections by a landslide in 1990 but was not allowed to rule.

____________________________________

October 20, Irrawaddy
Ethnic groups uneasy over military purge - Nandar Chann and Shah Paung

Several armed ethnic groups that have signed ceasefire deals with Burma’s
military government are reconsidering their participation in the
constitution drafting National Convention because of the military shakeup
in Rangoon yesterday, said ethnic leaders on Wednesday.

The National Convention, which began in May and adjourned indefinitely in
July, is one of seven points laid out in Burma’s road map for political
reform, which was announced by then Prime Minister Gen Khin Nyunt on
August 30, 2003.

But with Khin Nyunt dumped as prime minister yesterday, several ceasefire
groups are reviewing their decisions to attend the convention—if it
reconvenes.

Khin Nyunt is also the architect of most of the government’s ceasefire
agreements, reached with about 17 ethnic armed groups since 1989.

“Our decision [to attend the convention] is still just fifty-fifty” said a
spokesperson for the New Democratic Army-Kachin, or NDA-K, by telephone
from Kachin State, requesting anonymity. The NDA-K agreed to stop fighting
the government in December 1989. “So we can’t say exactly at the moment if
we will attend the convention.”

A spokesperson, who wished not to be named, from the New Mon State Party,
or NMSP, which agreed to a ceasefire in June 1995, expressed reservations
over the purge of government officers associated with the Office of the
Chief of Military Intelligence. “In principle, we must attend the
convention, but if the political situation doesn’t improve we may not
attend.”

The General Secretary of the Kachin Independence Organization, or KIO, was
more optimistic that the convention would move forward, no matter who is
Burma’s prime minister.

“Even though he [Gen Khin Nyunt] was suspended from his post, we did not
make a ceasefire agreement with him alone,” said Col Gunhtang Gam Shawng
by telephone from the Kachin State capital of Myitkyina.

A 16-member delegation from the Karen National Union, Burma’s oldest and
largest ethnic insurgency group, was in Rangoon for ceasefire negotiations
when the government purge occurred. They were briefly detained at the
government guesthouse where they were staying last night, news agencies
reported.

Mahn Sha, the KNU’s general secretary, however, denied that the delegation
had been detained. “The KNU met with the junta and informally discussed
the ceasefire,” he said by telephone from Mae Sot this afternoon. “This is
[the government’s] internal problem and we are considering what effects
these events will have on the future of the country.”

Other KNU sources said today that the delegates left the Burmese capital
Tuesday afternoon and that they will spend the night in the Karen State
capital of Pa-an, before returning to their headquarters tomorrow.

The delegation left on Monday from their headquarters near Mae Sot, a Thai
town on Burma border, and were scheduled to stay for 10 days to complete
the fourth round of ceasefire talks, which began late last year.

____________________________________

October 20, Irrawaddy
Introducing Burma’s new Prime Minister Lt-Gen Soe Win - Aung Lwin Oo

Lt-Gen Soe Win was named Burma’s prime minister on Tuesday after the
dismissal and detention of his predecessor, Gen Khin Nyunt.

Virtually unknown to the public until he helped violently put down the
democracy uprising in 1988, Soe Win owes much of his recent success to
junta chairman Sr-Gen Than Shwe.

On February 1 of last year Soe Win was appointed Secretary-2 of the ruling
State Peace and Development Council, or SPDC, a position left vacant for
two years after the death of Lt-Gen Tin Oo in a helicopter crash in
February 2001. In August, he was promoted to Secretary-1 of the junta,
replacing Khin Nyunt, who became prime minister.

In November 2001, he was named Air Defense General, a new position created
in 2002 in the Defense Ministry’s War Office. He is also a key figure of
the Union Solidarity and Development Association, or USDA, the civilian
wing of the regime and the brainchild of Than Shwe, which orchestrated the
deadly attack on the convoy of the main opposition party, the National
League for Democracy, in May 2003. Soe Win once said at a local USDA
gathering in Prome that “the SPDC not only will not talk to the NLD but
also would never hand over power to the NLD”.

In the middle of last year, he accompanied Than Shwe on a visit to
Vietnam. Soe Win also visited China in August 2003, accompanied by the
regime’s number-two leader and army chief, Deputy Sr-Gen Maung Aye.

Soe Win also signed the order to remove Foreign Minister Win Aung and his
deputy last month.

In 1965 Soe Win entered the Defense Service Academy, class 12, and later
became commander of Light Infantry Battalion 207, of the Light Infantry
Division 22. The LID 22, based in the Karen State capital of Pa-an, was
moved to the capital in 1988 to crack down on democracy protestors.

Two years later he became Tactical Operations Commander 3 of the
Northwestern Regional Command. In 1991 he was made lieutenant colonel and
was promoted to colonel the following year. In 1995 he became deputy
commander of the LID 66 in Prome. In 1997 he joined the junta, was
promoted to brigadier general and appointed commander of the Northwestern
Regional Command, based in Sagaing.

____________________________________

October 20, Agence France Presse
Khin Nyunt's downfall spells new woes for Aung San Suu Kyi

Bangkok: The demise of Myanmar premier Khin Nyunt spells fresh misfortune
for detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, her prospects for freedom
and the country's democratisation, analysts said Wednesday.

Stripped of his political duties Monday, Khin Nyunt had been the junta
general most in favour of dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi and the public
face of the isolated regime on the international stage.

But four years after beginning a timid secretive dialogue, the two now
find themselves under house arrest in their Yangon homes.

The dialogue stalled after Aung San Suu Kyi's arrest in May 2003 following
a brutal attack on her convoy by a junta-backed mob as the National League
for Democracy (NLD) party that she heads was on a tour of northern
Myanmar.

Neither the indignation of the international community nor the tightening
of economic sanctions by arch-critics the United States and Europe
persuaded Yangon to release the Nobel peace laureate from her third stint
of house arrest.

And the purge of Khin Nyunt by his ultra-conservative rivals is not a good
omen for her future.

US State Department spokesman Richard Boucher warned that the developments
"don't point in the direction of allowing freedom of exercise of political
and human rights", and repeated calls for Aung San Suu Kyi's release.

Indonesia, in a departure from the tradition of non-interference among
member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, said Khin
Nyunt's departure further reduced her chance for freedom.

In Yangon analysts voiced similar concerns.

"Why would they want to let Suu Kyi out?" asked Morten Pedersen, a
Yangon-based scholar at Australian National University. "There is no
reason for Than Shwe (the junta's number one) to free her."

"Most of us were already assuming before (Khin Nyunt's dismissal) happened
that she wouldn't be released until they have a constitution in place," he
said.

The drafting of a constitution has been a primary focus of a national
convention that was launched this year and is expected to resume in
November or December after a lengthy rainy season recess.

The NLD has boycotted the convention, denouncing it as a sham as have the
United Nations and Western governments.

"My guess is that she will probably remain where she is, and for how long,
we have to wait and see," said a Myanmar analyst in Yangon.

She could remain under house arrest "for years," noted one Western observer.

Should Aung San Suu Kyi -- the unchallenged living symbol of Myanmar's
pro-democracy movement -- eventually be granted her liberty, she would
likely be prevented from conducting political tours outside of Yangon and
be closely monitored.

Besides not boding well for her, the strengthening hand of the hardliners
in the junta appears to threaten the entire political process in Myanmar,
including its self-proclaimed "roadmap" to democracy, observers said.

And the "chances have not increased" for Razali Ismail, the UN envoy who
brokered the stalled dialogue between the junta and Aung San Suu Kyi
through a liaison officer, to be allowed back in Yangon, one observer
said. Razali has been blocked from returning since March.

With the removal of Khin Nyunt, the junta has sent out a message that it
is even less willing to engage with the international community.

"Both the new prime minister and foreign minister are army people, they
are not diplomats, and they won't travel around the world," said Pedersen.
"The military will only do what they want."

Analysts were scrambling Wednesday to glean vital details from the slim
biography of Lieutenant General Soe Win, who replaced Khin Nyunt as
premier to cap his meteoric rise to power.

"It certainly cannot be good news," said the scholar. "He has been
promoted because he is a hardliner. It has been clear he does not want to
cooperate with the NLD; he has made a public statement against the
dialogue."

The general apparently played an important role in the attack on the NLD
in May 2003 which was orchestrated by the junta.

A former military commander of the northwest region, he was spotted at the
scene a few days before the attack, according to several witnesses.

Later in the year he was promoted within the government.

____________________________________
ON THE BORDER

October 19, Organisation of Asia-Pacific News Agencies
Mae Hong Son rushes to tighten up border control

Mae Hong Son: Thailand's northern province of Mae Hong Son has rushed to
slap stricter control along its border with Myanmar and has tightened
security in four refugee camps, as the disposal of former Myanmar Prime
Minister Gen. Khin Nyunt yesterday threatened to send the border situation
spinning into turmoil.

Provincial Governor Suphot Laowansiri, who also heads the Thai-Myanmar
Border Command Centre, said that he had issued an urgent notice to the
heads of seven districts, as well as local army battalions and police
units, ordering strict controls along the border with Myanmar.

Similar monitoring was called for at four temporary refugee holding camps
in Baan Pang Tractor, Baan Mae Surin, Baan Mae Lama Luang and Baan Mae
La-un.

The control will ban residents of the refugee camps from going out to take
any kind of action, with threats of immediate reprisals for violators.

The new measures come after the ousting from office of former Myanmar
Prime Minister Gen. Khin Nyunt.

However, reports indicated that trade was proceeding as normal in Baan Hua
Muang, just across the border from Mae Hong Son's tambon Huay Pha
yesterday, and that no special directives had been issued by the Myanmar
authorities.

_____________________________________

October 20, Reuters News
Myanmar rebel group says ouster stalls peace talks

Mae Sot: The ouster of Myanmar Prime Minister Khin Nyunt, who agreed
ceasefires with several rebel groups, has stalled peace talks with the
Karen National Union, the largest of them, the KNU said on Wednesday.

"The incident has stalled our peace talks with Myanmar because all of our
contact people are Khin Nyunt's men who all now have been arrested," a KNU
official told Reuters from the group's headquarters near the Thai-Myanmar
border.

"We have to suspend all our efforts for now," said the official, a member
of previous delegations who declined to be identified.

Khin Nyunt's removal was announced on Tuesday and is widely seen by
diplomats as the result of a long-running power struggle in the ruling
military.

The KNU delegation, the third this year, was hiding in a safe house in
Yangon after having learned that Khin Nyunt was sacked, the official said.

The KNU, which has battled Yangon for more than half a century in pursuit
of autonomy for the Karen people, agreed to stop fighting in December but
never signed a formal ceasefire.

KNU's ageing leader, General Bo Mya, told Reuters in January after meeting
Khin Nyunt in Yangon he had agreed to end the war because both sides
wanted peace.

_____________________________________
BUSINESS

October 20, Thai News Service
Thailand urged to lend Myanmar 500 million baht for road building

The Chamber of Commerce of Tark province has made a proposal, for the
government to offer a 500 million baht loan to the Myanmar Government, to
develop the transportation system between Thailand and Myanmar.

It is expected that the improvement of the transportation system will
increase exports by over 20,000 million baht per year.

The Tark Chamber of Commerce President, Suchart Sriwatthana said that the
overall business activities have been performing very well, especially
with agricultural products such as rice, where the export figures have
been increasing. Only corn presently has a price lower than the market
value.

The border trading statistics show a two-fold increase in volume, of
around 5 to 6 billion this year, giving a total export value of over 10
billion baht.

Public sector companies, which have business activities with Myanmar, will
ask the cabinet today to develop the transportation in the neighbouring
country.

Thailand has already invested over 120 million baht for the construction
of the road from Meawadee to Tawansri Hill. The road is only 17 km long;
however, the condition of the road is bad.

_____________________________________
REGIONAL

October 20, Dow Jones
Thai govt, businesses see no impact from Myanmar shake-up

Bangkok: Thailand's government and private sector expect hardly any
effects from the political unrest in Myanmar on bilateral trade and the
operations of Thai companies there.

Finance Minister Somkid Jatusripitak said Wednesday the shake-up of its
military leadership in Myanmar should have only a minimal impact on the
border trade between Thailand and Myanmar.

Export-Import Bank of Thailand President Sataporn Jinachitra told Dow
Jones Newswires that the political uncertainty is unlikely to affect the
credit line contract between the two countries as long as the Myanmar
economic policy remains unchanged.

"As long as the loans will be for economic development projects, the
contract is still in valid no matter who will become the new government,"
Sataporn said.

However, the disbursement may be slightly delayed as all parties want to
wait until the political situation becomes clearer.

EXIM Bank has provided a total credit line of THB4 billion ($97 million)
for Myanmar to improve its economic and telecommunications infrastructure.
So far, Myanmar's Communications Ministry has used THB338 million from its
revolving credit line at EXIM Bank.

Prasert Bunsumpum, president of PTT PCL (PTT.TH), Thailand's state-owned
oil and gas conglomerate, said that the company doesn't expect to see any
impact on the operations of its unit PTT Exploration & Production PCL
(PTTEP.TH), which is a partner in the Yadana and Yetagun gas fields in
Myanmar.

PTT Exploration owns a 25.5% stake in Yadana and 19.3% in Yetagun. The
company has supplied natural gas from Myanmar fields to serve energy
demand in Thailand. The combined natural gas from those two fields is
about 1,000 million standard cubic feet a day, or about one-third of
Thailand's total natural gas demand.

"The shake-up in Myanmar doesn't have any impact on PTT and PTT
Exploration. Our business there still runs as usual since revenue from gas
fields is among the major sources of income for Myanmar," Prasert said.

Meanwhile, Shin Satellite PCL (SATTEL.TH) said Wednesday the political
changes in Myanmar will not affect its business because the company
doesn't have any concession contracts with the government.

Its current business involves leasing of transponders and the sales of
telecommunications equipment to the government and state enterprises. The
company has also received confirmation from all its customers there that
there will be no changes in their contractual obligations.

As of 0845 GMT, Shin Satellite shares had declined 1.2% at THB16.30, after
falling 1.8% Tuesday on fears the forcible removal by the military in
Myanmar of one of its lieutenant generals as prime minister would affect
its business in the country.

_____________________________________
INTERNATIONAL

October 20, Associated Press
Allies, critics, urge new Myanmar leader to move toward democracy - Aye
Aye Win

Yangon: A change in Myanmar's political leadership brought fresh calls
Wednesday for the military-ruled Southeast Asian country to carry on with
promises to restore democracy.

U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan led calls for change and reiterated his
demand for the release of detained pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi,
while Myanmar's neighbors also urged political reform.

Myanmar's state radio and television announced Tuesday that Khin Nyunt,
65, had been replaced by Lt. Gen. Soe Win, a military hard-liner..

The brief official announcement said Khin Nyunt was "permitted to retire
for health reasons," a euphemism used in the past for the forced ouster of
Cabinet members. Officials in Thailand, who were the first to announce the
move, said Khin Nyunt was detained on corruption charges.

The removal of Khin Nyunt, who was also military intelligence chief,
appeared to end a long-standing power struggle between his so-called
moderates and an army faction including Soe Win that is uninterested in
negotiating political reconciliation.

It also raised doubts about prospects for Suu Kyi's freedom.

No unrest or unusual activity was evident Wednesday in the capital,
Yangon, whose residents have been under military rule for more than four
decades. The new prime minister has so far issued no public declarations.

Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi of Malaysia, which has cordial
relations with Myanmar, expressed hope Wednesday that Khin Nyunt's
departure would not hurt Myanmar's pursuit of democracy.

Soon after becoming prime minister last year, Khin Nyunt -- under
international pressure -- laid out a seven-step "roadmap to democracy."

But the plan was disdained by government opponents, in part because there
was no provision for the release of Suu Kyi, who was detained after a
bloody attack on her and her followers by government supporters in May
last year.

Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra said he also wants Myanmar's ruling
generals to move ahead with plans for national reconciliation and the
introduction of democracy.

Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations have argued that a
policy of "constructive engagement" would be more successful than
international isolation in promoting political reform in Myanmar, also
called Burma.

Western nations have applied political and economic sanctions against the
junta for its poor human rights record and failure to hand over power to
Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy, which won elections in
1990.

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Annan said late Tuesday he wants
"Myanmar authorities to remain committed to the process of national
reconciliation and democratization" through dialogue with Suu Kyi's party
and ethnic minority groups. He also reiterated his call for Suu Kyi's
immediate release.

In Washington, U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said "the
events that we're watching don't point in the direction of allowing
freedom of exercise of political and human rights."

"We continue to call on Burma to engage in meaningful dialogue leading to
genuine national reconciliation," he said Tuesday. "We call on them to
release Aung San Suu Kyi and all other political prisoners immediately and
unconditionally."

U Lwin, a spokesman for Suu Kyi's party, said Tuesday night that Khin
Nyunt might never have been able to implement his ideas for reconciliation
because of his relative weakness within the ruling circle.

Asked about future relations with the junta, U Lwin said, "We will know
only after we have the chance to deal with the new group."

_____________________________________

October 20, Associated Press
UN Envoy says replacement of Myanmar PM "unfortunate"

Kuala Lumpur: The U.N. special envoy to Myanmar Wednesday described the
military junta's decision to replace Prime Minister Gen. Khin Nyunt, a
relative moderate, as "unfortunate."

Razali Ismail, a Malaysian diplomat who was named by the U.N. to broker
national reconciliation in Myanmar in 2000, said he was sorry that Khin
Nyunt was no longer in power.

"That is unfortunate," he said. "We want to try to find out what is the
real situation there. We need more details."

Khin Nyunt, 65, was reportedly detained Monday by the country's hardline
leader, Senior Gen. Than Shwe, in what was seen as a blow to prospects for
democratic reforms and for the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San
Suu Kyi.

Khin Nyunt, who was reportedly charged with corruption, was seen as a
relative moderate in the military government, and last year announced a
seven-point roadmap toward democracy.

Although the roadmap produced little result, the effort was seen as a
small concession by the leadership following years of international
pressure.

Razali said he wouldn't speculate on whether Khin Nyunt's dismissal
signaled a strengthening of the hardline faction.

"But the United Nations can maintain its efforts there despite these
developments, especially in the context of dealing with the seven-part
plan and how to proceed with the roadmap," he said in a telephone
interview.

"We hope that their commitment will still be there to proceed with the
roadmap," he said, adding that he also hopes for the release of Suu Kyi,
the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize laureate who has been under house arrest since
last year.

Razali said he will try to go to Myanmar soon. He asked the junta to let
him visit recently, but "it was not found to be convenient on their side,"
he said.

Tuesday, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed concern at Khin
Nyunt's replacement and called on the government to release Suu Kyi
"without further delay."

Annan also urged the government to keep its commitment to pursue national
reconciliation and democratization, and to quickly resume a "substantive
dialogue" with Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy and other political
parties.

Myanmar has been under military rule since 1962. The current junta came to
power in 1988 after violently crushing a pro-democracy uprising. Suu Kyi's
party won a landslide victory in a 1990 general election, but the military
refused to hand over power.

_____________________________________

October 20, Associated Press
10 best and worst in global corruption survey

London: Best and worst countries in the Global Corruption Perceptions
Index released Wednesday by Transparency International.

Scores are based on a scale of 0 (most corrupt) to 10 (least corrupt). The
United States ranks number 17, with a score of 7.5, tied with Belgium and
Ireland.

Top 10:

1. Finland 9.7
2. New Zealand 9.6
3. Denmark 9.5
3. Iceland 9.5
5. Singapore 9.3
6. Sweden 9.2
7. Switzerland 9.1
8. Norway 8.9
9. Australia 8.8
10. Netherlands 8.7

Bottom 10:

133. Angola 2.0
133. Democratic Republic of Congo 2.0
133. Ivory Coast 2.0
133. Georgia 2.0
133. Indonesia 2.0
133. Tajikistan 2.0
133. Turkmenistan 2.0
140. Azerbaijan 1.9
140. Paraguay 1.9
142. Chad 1.7
142. Myanmar 1.7
144. Nigeria 1.6
145. Bangladesh 1.5
145. Haiti 1.5