<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" ><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;"><h1><font size="4">Wall Street Panics, Ruling Class Scrambles—Deepening Financial Crisis and Desperate Emergency Measures</font></h1>
        
         <p class="byline">by Raymond Lotta</p><p class="byline">(at http://www.revcom.us/a/143online/wall_street-en.html)<br></p><p class="byline"><br></p>
        
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                 <p>The
events of the last week on Wall Street represent a new and more
destabilizing phase of the turmoil gripping financial institutions and
markets in the U.S. A financial crisis has been unfolding for more than
a year. It is now the most serious financial crisis of U.S. capitalism
since the Great Depression of the 1930s. And it is by no means
contained or under control.</p>
<p>The financial
edifice of U.S. imperialism is in danger of crumbling. And the U.S.
ruling class is cobbling together desperate measures to prevent
wholesale collapse.</p>
<h3>A<span class="subheadnew"> Week of Deepening Financial Crisis</span></h3>
<p>Two
of the four largest independent investment banks in the U.S. ceased to
exist last week. In a matter of hours, Lehman Brothers went bankrupt,
while Merrill Lynch was forced into liquidation and then absorbed by
Bank of America. This follows the government-promoted buyout in April
of Bear Stearns, another giant investment banking firm that was on the
ropes, by JPMorgan Chase.</p>
<p>It was only several
weeks ago that the U.S. government had taken over the two major and
failing mortgage-finance giants—Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. At the
time, this takeover was presented as providing an effective firewall
against future financial eruptions. But it proved to be no more than
the patching up of a pothole during an earthquake. This past week the
government had to take over the American International Group (AIG), the
giant insurance-financial firm.</p>
<p>At the start of
last week, AIG had over a trillion dollars in assets. It had earned
enormous profits from insuring mortgage-backed investments circulating
in the financial system that were held by other banks. But this has
turned into a disaster. Here is some of what happened:</p>
<p>Through
deceit and aggressive marketing, banks pushed mortgages on people. The
Federal Reserve Bank had pumped low-cost funds into the banking system
to prop up mortgage loans. These loans were then combined into larger
groups of loans by investment banks (like Lehman Brothers) and turned
into financial products that were sold on financial markets. All kinds
of lending took place with these original loans as collateral. But when
housing prices fell, and mortgages could not be paid, much of this
collateral became worthless.</p>
<p>AIG was insuring
much of this lending against the risk of loss. But as the losses
mounted astronomically, AIG could neither cover the costs of backing
this debt nor borrow funds on the financial markets to keep itself
afloat.</p>
<p>The financial markets had basically lost
confidence, and AIG’s assets tumbled in value. AIG was in danger of
collapse. But if AIG went under, the probability was great that it
would have taken down other financial institutions with it. This forced
the government’s hand.</p>
<p>As the week progressed,
the U.S. ruling class was faced with a two-fold danger: additional and
cascading losses and bankruptcies in the financial sector; and the
possible choking up of lending channels, which could send the economy
as a whole into a rapid downward spiral.</p>
<p>By the
end of the week, the U.S. government announced what will likely turn
out to be the largest bailout operation in U.S. history. The initial
cost of that bailout plan is $700 billion. This comes on top of $85
billion to rescue AIG and the plan to spend $200 billion to shore up
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.</p>
<h3 class="subheadnew">International Dimensions</h3>
<p>This
is a rolling financial and credit crisis. It is amplifying
internationally with bursts of instability. In the midst of last week’s
U.S. market gyrations, the Russian stock market sank and shut down for
two days. In other parts of the world, concern spread about whether
dollar-based loans in global markets would continue on the scale
necessary to sustain daily business operations. In response, the
central banks of Germany, Japan, England, Canada, and Switzerland
pumped some $185 billion into the financial markets.</p>
<p>And
investor worry is mounting in East Asia. China, Japan, and South Korea,
for instance, count on the U.S. as a major export market.</p>
<p>One
of the most significant features of world growth and expansion over the
past decade has been the deepening integration of the world capitalist
economy. This is happening both on the level of production and
trade—like the parts that go into an automobile being manufactured in
different factories around the world. And it is happening at the level
of finance—where banks are more globally and tightly interlinked with
one another through chains of borrowing and lending and even, as in the
case of AIG, insuring the risks of borrowing and lending.</p>
<p>The
rescue operation announced by the U.S. government at the end of the
week was motivated, on the one hand, by the need to stanch the bleeding
of the U.S. financial system; and, on the other, by the need to restore
international confidence in the U.S. economy.</p>
<p>A
particular matter of concern for U.S. rulers is the international
strength of the dollar. When we think about the dollar, we mostly think
about it in terms of buying and selling with dollars changing hands.
But the dollar is also an investible commodity—major currencies are
bought and sold and traded on international currency markets. The
dollar rises and falls in value in relation to other currencies and in
response to international political and economic developments.</p>
<p>The
dollar is the world’s leading currency for settling transactions,
clearing debts, and holding foreign exchange reserves (trade and
investment earnings that become part of the reserves of foreign central
banks).</p>
<p>The dollar has been a linchpin of U.S. global supremacy. And it is a linchpin of the whole current global economic order.</p>
<p>If
foreign central banks and investors were to flee from dollar holdings,
this could set off a global monetary crisis and/or strengthen the
position of rivals to U.S. imperialism and rival currencies (like the
euro in Western Europe).</p>
<p>The dollar has for the most part held firm over the past month. But this is perhaps the calm before the storm.</p>
<h3 class="subheadnew">Uncharted Waters and the Needs of Empire</h3>
<p>These
are uncharted waters for imperialist policymakers. They are uncharted
in terms of the scale and complexity of the crisis. They are uncharted
in terms of the magnitude of the rescue operations required to prevent
financial breakdown. And U.S. imperialism does not have unlimited
maneuvering room.</p>
<p>The U.S. is already the largest
debtor nation in the world. It is waging costly wars for greater empire
in Iraq and Afghanistan. And neither McCain nor Obama has any serious
intention of ending America’s global “war on terror”—the umbrella under
which the U.S. is waging these “wars for empire.”</p>
<p>And
here an important dialectic comes into play. “U.S. military dominance,”
to quote Kenneth Rogoff, the former chief economist for the
International Monetary Fund, “has been one of the linchpins of the
dollar.”(Kenneth Rogoff, “America Will Need a $1,000bn Bail-Out,” <em>Financial Times</em>,
September 17, 2008). But this military dominance and the wars the U.S.
is waging have increasingly come to depend on the steady inflow of
foreign capital into the U.S. economy, especially investments by
foreign central banks in U.S. government debt (the U.S. Treasury sells
bonds to cover the deficits). For this to continue requires that the
U.S. economy and dollar remain stable. This is a major contradiction
for U.S. imperialism.</p>
<p>When three of the five
largest independent investment banks in the United States have gone
bankrupt or been absorbed, when the U.S. government intervenes in the
financial sector on the scale that it has—this has profound
geopolitical implications.</p>
<p>At the same time, the
world economy is not standing still. There are major shifts in global
economic power. U.S. global economic dominance is declining. And U.S.
imperialism is also facing new competitive challenges and the emergence
of potential rival constellations of imperial and big powers (see the
ongoing <em>Revolution</em> series “Shifts and Faultlines in the World Economy and Great Power Rivalry”).</p>
<h3 class="subheadnew">The U.S. Ruling Class and Imperialist State Come Into View</h3>
<p>As the crisis unfolded this past week, some of the realities of bourgeois rule came into sharper focus.</p>
<p>To
begin with, while the jobs, homes, and futures of literally millions in
this society are in jeopardy, what is the paramount concern of the
ruling class? It is the protection of a financial system that sits atop
a global system of exploitation. It is the bailout of the owners and
investor beneficiaries of that financial system.</p>
<p>There
was no public debate over bailouts and loans for financial
institutions. And the constant refrain from on-high was, “This is no
time to assign blame.” Certainly, there is never a time, from the
standpoint of the bourgeoisie, to talk about capitalism and its
exploitative and anarchic functioning.</p>
<p>Politically,
the system operates in such a way that the masses of people are either
conditioned to be passive bystanders, or mobilized under the wing of
this or that bourgeois political party or bourgeois-led movement—or
subject to repression when people engage in serious resistance.</p>
<p>And
through the media, the politicians, and the official “experts,” people
are trained to look at things through a certain ideological filter.
When a crisis like this one hits, the problem is never presented as the
system but rather as particular flaws and malpractices that can be
corrected: “excessive greed,” “Wall Street irresponsibility,” “too much
regulation” or “too little regulation.”</p>
<p>The truth
is that this crisis has deep structural causes in the very nature and
workings of this global system of exploitation (and these deeper causes
are addressed in the accompanying article “<a href="http://www.revcom.us/a/143online/Excerpts_Meltdown-en.html">Financial Meltdown and the Madness of Imperialism</a>”).</p>
<p>Lenin
once described bourgeois parliaments (like the U.S. Congress) as “talk
shops.” This time, Congress did not even get a chance to “talk” first.
It has been basically presented with an accomplished fact: a bailout
program. Now the bailout will be debated around the edges, with vying
bourgeois economic and political interests also being fought out.</p>
<p>There
are key institutional mechanisms of bourgeois rule and of the
imperialist state. They include the Federal Reserve Bank—which plays a
decisive regulating and lubricating role in the U.S. economy and which
also plays a special role in the world capitalist economy—and the
Department of Treasury. Several mainstream news stories described how
the head of the Federal Reserve and of the Treasury, and major Wall
Street figures, met to sort out the AIG situation, to come up with a
plan to deal with this phase of the crisis, and then to act on it.</p>
<p>As
for John McCain and Barack Obama, one of whom will be the next
“commander in chief of empire,” their response to the crisis has been
an amalgam of the absurd, the hypocritical, and sworn allegiance to the
system.</p>
<p>McCain early last week described the U.S.
economy as having “sound fundamentals.” Then he moved to launch a
rhetorical attack on “casino economies” and “greed” on Wall Street.
Then he returned to his boilerplate calls for tax cuts, which will
largely benefit the rich.</p>
<p>For his part, Obama has
generally endorsed bailouts while deriding the policies of laxity and
deregulation of the Bush presidency. The amnesia is striking. There was
an orgy of deregulation during the Clinton years, including the repeal
of regulatory legislation that laid the ground for the kind of
mortgage-backed securities that became the rage on Wall Street. But
then again, one of Obama’s chief economic advisers is none other than
Robert Rubin, former chairman of Goldman Sachs (one of the
last-standing independent investment banks) and head of the U.S.
Treasury Department under Clinton.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, in
Nevada last week, Obama declared, “Our free market is the engine of
America’s great progress. It’s a market that has created a prosperity
that is the envy of the world.” Tell that to the hundreds of millions
around the world who are experiencing the ravages of a global food
crisis. This food crisis is inextricably bound up with the operations
of free markets that turn grain and rice into international commodities
bought, sold, and speculated on by global investors. It is inextricably
bound up with the “freedom” of U.S. agribusiness to dominate world food
production and distribution. And it is inextricably bound up with
so-called free-market “reforms” imposed on poor countries by the
International Monetary Fund (which the U.S. also dominates). </p>
<h3 class="subheadnew">Stepping Back</h3>
<p>This
crisis is far from over. There may be new rounds of financial upheaval.
The economy is already in recession. And it could very well enter into
a major slump.</p>
<p>And true to the workings of
monopoly capitalism, investors and speculators are feverishly
positioning themselves to take advantage of the market turmoil. They
are unloading and grabbing up assets, angling to get a bite of the
government bailouts, and shifting funds into different markets.</p>
<p>Whoever
wins the election in November will be inheriting a battered financial
system and a huge overlay of debt and bailout. This is not going to be
an era of expanded social spending by government. But it will be an era
of more direct government intervention in financial markets. And
however U.S. capitalism tries to reconfigure itself, it will rest on
more intense international exploitation, austerity, and more misery for
people throughout the world and in the U.S.</p>
<p>For
millions in U.S. society, this crisis is beginning to throw up many
deep and troubling questions about the economy and this whole system.
And it has the potential to throw up even deeper ones.</p>
This is a highly fraught and rapidly unfolding situation.<br><br><div id="RTEContent"><div id="RTEContent"><div><strong> </strong><em></em><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"></span><br></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 127, 64); font-weight: bold;"></span></div></div></div></td></tr></table><br>